In 1968, the U.S. had 29 percent of the global market for wheat flour and Turkey had a 0.004 percent share. By 2019, The U.S. share was down to 3.4 percent and Turkey dominated the market with a 41.4 percent share. Turkey achieved this shift despite having a relatively uncompetitive wheat production system. Turkish wheat is typically priced 5-10 percent higher than U.S. wheat. It should be noted that the U.S. share has declined as food aid shipments of wheat flour dwindled and Washington adopted more cash in lieu of commodities in food aid.  Turkey uses domestic subsidies and organized exports via its state-owned enterprise, the Turkish Grain Board. It also benefits from geographic proximity to large Middle East wheat flour importers,...