Protectionism and Causes The WTO reports that protectionism has not increased as expected. The number of antidumping investigations by the U.S. fell during the period of July 2016-June 2017 from a year earlier, although the number of imposed antidumping duties grew. Safeguard cases tend to rise with the volume of trade, but they may also be triggered by more imports threatening incumbent domestic firms. Since the U.S. has the largest trade deficit, a larger number of safeguard cases can be anticipated. However, the number of antidumping cases imposed relative to the trade deficit is much greater in South Asia (see graph below). Meanwhile, the U.S. National Association of Business Economists sees trade protectionism as the top risk to the U...