A recurring issue since 2016 under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) has been EPA’s administration of the small refinery exemption (SRE) program. A court decision in the 5th District Circuit Court brought that topic back to the forefront, and will add more complexity, volatility, and uncertainty to the RFS moving forward with potential impacts to RINs values and marginal changes to the effective volume obligations in the 2024 or 2025 RFS compliance years. Under the RFS statute, all small refineries were exempted from complying with annual volume obligations from 2007 through 2010. The statute, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, required the Department of Energy (DOE) to conduct a study as to whether the annual volume o...