Key Takeaways:

Persistent labor shortages are increasing operational challenges and costs across U.S. agriculture, particularly in labor-intensive sectors such as specialty crops, dairy, and meat processing. Immigrant workers, including H-2A employees, remain essential to the agricultural workforce, while immigration policy and enforcement continue to influence labor availability. Labor constraints are accelerating investment in automation, though many specialty crop operations still depend heavily on manual labor due to quality and harvesting challenges. Expanding the agricultural workforce will likely require a combination of immigration reform, streamlined guest worker programs, improved incentives for domestic workers, and continued te...