Alternatives to Leverage  Reaction to President Trump’s use of tariffs to leverage needed changes in Chinese behavior is notable for the two political reactions in Capitol Hill: 1) get China to change its behavior, and 2) we don’t like the use of tariffs. China believes that its fundamental success depends upon catching up technologically, enabling its politically powerful state-owned enterprises and controlling the South China Sea. It is unclear whether even the president’s sharp increase in tariffs this Friday is sufficient to compel Beijing’s capitulation, but relying on mere honor was insufficient to enforce China’s 2011 commitment to not militarize the South China Sea. WTO members largely reacted ne...