The U.S. and Japan struck an initial agreement in 1988 that reduced the barrier to imports of American beef. This year the two countries signed an updated beef safeguard regime as part of the U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement. There are three triggers in the new safeguard covering U.S. market share, and impacts from the CPTPP.  Japan’s domestic beef production has been stable through the years with consumption largely fluctuating with the level of beef imports. U.S. market share for beef into Japan rose through the early 2000’s, fell and began rising again until the CPTPP came into force, with that agreement benefiting beef from ANZUS.  ...