Regardless of the outcome of the U.S. election, policymaking in 2025 and beyond will play out in an environment shaped by the federal budget deficit and national debt. The current state of fiscal policy has been exacerbated by federal spending related to the COVID recovery response.    As it stands, under the projections from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) the federal budget deficit in 2024 will come in at $1.9 trillion, which is 7 percent of GDP. That compares to the 3.7 percent GDP deficits have averaged over the past 50 years. Federal debt as measured against GDP is 99 percent this year. In short, the U.S. government owes nearly as much money to creditors as there is money in the entire U.S. economy. Moreover, debt is f...